Bonobos are also born with a white rump tuft (Rowe 1996 de Waal 1997). The hair on their head looks as if it is parted and they do not tend to go bald with age as is seen in chimpanzees. Pan paniscusīonobos have black hair and black faces from birth. They exhibit moderate sexual dimorphism with adult males weighing about 39 kg (86.0 lb) and, on average, measuring 730 to 830 mm (2.40 to 2.72 ft) tall while adult females weigh about 31 kg (68.3 lb) and are about 700 to 760 mm (2.3 to 2.49 ft) tall (Rowe 1996). Overall, they have a more gracile, or slender, build than chimpanzees. MORPHOLOGYīonobos are sometimes called pygmy chimpanzees even though they are about the same size as chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). The name bonobo is meaningless it is probably derived from a misspelling on a shipping crate going to Bolobo, Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) (de Waal 1997). Bonobo loud calls are important for female communication and function in party coordination and, unlike chimpanzees, are less important in male cooperative aggression.Other names: bonobo chimpanzee, gracile ape, lesser chimpanzee, or pygmy chimpanzee chimpanzeé nain or chimpanzeé pygmée (French) chimpancé pigmeo (Spanish) bonobo or dvärgschimpans (Swedish) Our results support the social hypothesis of the origin of language because differences in the function and use of loud calls reflect the differing social systems of chimpanzees and bonobos. Females call to attract potential allies and males call to attract potential mates. We conclude that bonobo females and males loud calls can function in inter-party communication to call others to large food patches. Calling, followed by fusion, was more frequent when a small party called from a large patch. Responses were more frequent for female calls than for male calls. Calling and party fission were common at food patches. The distribution of loud calls within the community range of loud calls was not random with males calling significantly more towards the periphery of the range and females calling significantly more in central areas. Calling and response rates by both males and females were higher during party fusion than party fission and were common at evening nesting. Both males and females participated in loud calls used for inter-party communication. Data on frequencies, context, and locations of vocalizations were collected for wild bonobos, Pan paniscus, at the Lomako Forest study site in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1983 to 2009. Bonobos, however, are female bonded and less aggressive and little is known on the use and function of their loud calls. Much of loud calling in the male-bonded and aggressive chimpanzee functions for male alliance formation and intercommunity aggression. Our two closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, however, have very different social relationships and this may be reflected in their use of loud calls. Wood Under the social origins hypothesis, human language is thought to have evolved within the framework of non-human primate social contexts and relationships. White, Michel Waller, Klaree Boose, Michelle Y. Selection for increased intrinsic motivation to manipulate objects likely also played an important role in the evolution of hominin tool use.įrances J. Chimpanzees manipulated and played more with objects than bonobos, despite similar levels of solitary and social play. Extrinsic opportunities did not explain the tool use difference, whereas intrinsic predispositions did. Lastly, we investigated predispositions by measuring object manipulation and object play. We examined potential opportunities for social learning in immature apes. We assessed ecological opportunities based on availability of resources requiring tool use. We investigated whether extrinsic (ecological and social opportunities) or intrinsic (predispositions) differences explain this contrast by comparing chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (DRC). Whereas chimpanzees are renowned for their tool use, bonobos use few tools and none in foraging. Chimpanzees and bonobos are our closest living relatives. Tool use in nonhuman apes can help identify the conditions that drove the extraordinary expansion of hominin technology.
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